Cheese comes in many varieties, but most cheeses fall under two broad categories: aged and fresh. Aged cheeses are left to ferment and ripen for weeks, months or even years, while fresh cheeses skip this aging process.
This results in major differences between aged and fresh cheeses in terms of flavor, texture, nutritional content, intended uses, and health impacts. While fresh cheeses offer a mild, creamy taste, aged cheeses develop more complex flavors. Fresh cheeses work well for spreading and baking, while aged cheeses excel as hard grating or crumbling toppings.
Overview of Aged and Fresh Cheeses
Aged cheeses undergo a lengthy process of fermenting and aging to develop complex flavors and a firm, hard texture. Traditional aged cheeses include parmesan, cheddar, gouda and gruyere. The aging process can last from a few months to several years depending on the type of cheese.
During aging, moisture evaporates from the cheese, making it harder. The cheese's proteins and fats also break down, intensifying the flavor. Aged cheeses may form amino acid crystals as they ripen, giving them a distinctive crunchy texture. Many aged cheeses form rinds on the exterior, introducing new flavors.
Fresh cheeses like ricotta, cottage cheese and cream cheese skip the aging process. They are made and packed for consumption within weeks or less. The lack of aging keeps these cheeses moist, soft and mild in flavor. Their high moisture content also gives fresh cheeses a shorter shelf life than aged cheeses.
While aged cheeses often use raw milk and specific bacterial cultures to develop unique flavors, fresh cheeses typically rely on pasteurized milk and simpler production methods. Fresh cheeses are the best option when you need an ingredient to blend into a recipe rather than a standalone cheese to serve.
Flavor Differences Between Aged and Fresh Cheeses
One of the biggest differences between aged and fresh cheeses comes down to flavor.
During the aging process, enzymes and bacteria break down proteins and fats while moisture evaporates. This produces a richer, more complex flavor in aged cheeses.
Fresh cheeses like mozzarella, ricotta and cottage cheese have a mild, delicate flavor when fresh. They taste primarily creamy and milky rather than sharp or tangy. Since fresh cheeses are not aged, they do not develop the range of intense flavors that comes with extended fermentation.
Aged cheeses undergo extensive enzyme activity and fermentation for months or years during the aging process. This causes dramatic flavor changes over time:
- Cheddar starts with a mild, milky flavor when young then grows increasingly sharp, nutty and tangy as it ages from the breakdown of proteins and fats. Older aged cheddars develop a rich umami or "meaty" taste.
- Parmesan ages for over a year to develop a robust flavor with hints of fruits and nuts. Its flavor is described as sweet yet savory.
- Gouda becomes sweeter and saltier, taking on a caramel-like flavor during aging. The longer it ages, the more intensely gouda tastes.
- Blue cheeses like gorgonzola gain a pungent, tangy flavor from the introduction of mold during aging. This transforms their flavor profile completely.
The unique bacterial cultures and environmental conditions used during the aging process mean no two aged cheeses ever taste exactly the same. Even the same style of cheese will vary depending on its aging time and cheesemaker. This diversity gives aged cheeses an unrivaled range of textures and tasting notes.
Texture Differences Between Aged and Fresh Cheeses
Alongside impacting flavor, aging also affects the texture of cheese dramatically.
Fresh cheeses have a high moisture content since they do not undergo extensive aging. This gives them a soft, creamy, moist texture. Fresh cheeses are spreadable, spoonable, or tearable depending on the variety.
- Cottage cheese has a soft, chunky curd texture that falls apart when spooned.
- Ricotta is fluffy and nearly seamless in texture.
- Cream cheese and goat cheese have a luxuriously creamy, rich texture.
- Mozzarella is stretchy with an elastic, pliable texture.
Aged cheeses lose moisture during the aging process, causing them to harden. Their textures range from firm and crumbly to dry and brittle:
- Cheddar becomes increasingly crumbly and dry as it ages, developing crunchy amino acid crystals over years of aging.
- Parmesan ages into a hard, brittle cheese perfect for grating. It contains crystalline crunches from amino acid development.
- Gouda starts out creamy when young then dries into a dense, firm cheese with aging. Well-aged gouda may contain protein crystals for added crunch.
- Blue cheeses like Stilton become crumbly yet creamy during aging, due to mold softening the interior as the exterior hardens.
The hardness of aged cheeses makes them perfect for grating, shredding, or crumbling over foods. Their dryness results in excellent melting abilities as well. The softer textures of fresh cheeses lend better to baking, blending, and spreading.
Nutritional Differences Between Aged and Fresh Cheeses
Aging also impacts the nutritional content of cheeses.
Fresh cheeses retain most of the protein, calcium, phosphorus and vitamin A naturally found in milk since they do not undergo extensive aging. However, they often contain less fat than aged cheeses.
- For example, part-skim ricotta has 5g protein, 15% calcium, and 10% vitamin A per serving. It's low in fat at 2.5g per serving.
Aged cheeses become more nutrient-dense but also higher in fat, salt and calories as moisture evaporates during aging.
- Parmesan has 10g protein, 34% calcium and 15% vitamin A per serving. It also contains 7g fat and 110mg sodium.
As cheeses lose moisture, their nutritional contents become concentrated into less volume, increasing nutrient density. However, excess sodium and saturated fat intake should be moderated.
Aged cheeses also develop probiotic cultures during fermentation, offering unique digestive and immune benefits. Both fresh and aged cheeses provide valuable nutrition, but their nutritional profiles diversify during aging.
Best Uses for Aged vs. Fresh Cheese
The different textures resulting from aging make aged and fresh cheeses suited for different culinary uses.
Fresh cheeses work best:
- Baked into desserts like cheesecake or tiramisu
- Added to sauces and dips to provide creamy texture
- Spread on breads, bagels, and crackers
- Mixed into recipes rather than used as standalone cheeses
Their soft, spreadable textures make fresh cheeses ideal for blending into recipes and baking.
Aged cheeses work best:
- Grating or shredding over pasta, salads, soups and pizzas
- Crumbled over snacks and salads
- Served in chunks alongside fruits, nuts and charcuterie
- Melted in grilled cheese sandwiches or on top of roasted vegetables
Their concentrated flavors and hard, brittle textures make aged cheeses perfect for topping and grating. Their low moisture content also enables excellent melting.
Understanding whether a cheese is aged or fresh provides insight into how best to utilize it. Aged cheeses add flavor when sprinkled on top, while fresh cheeses blend in seamlessly.
Health Impacts of Aged vs. Fresh Cheeses
The aging process affects the digestibility and nutritional benefits of cheeses.
Aged cheeses are lower in lactose since the lactose breaks down into lactic acid over time. This makes them easier to digest, especially for those sensitive to lactose.
However, aging also increases sodium levels as salt is added during processing. Excess sodium intake may increase hypertension risk.
Aged cheeses provide more bioavailable calcium since their lower moisture content and hardness make calcium easier to absorb. Their abundant vitamin K2 also helps deposit calcium into bones.
Both aged and fresh cheeses can fit into a healthy diet in moderation. Opt for part-skim, low-sodium varieties and watch portion sizes.
Cost Differences Between Aged and Fresh Cheeses
Pricing differs considerably between fresh and aged cheeses. Fresh cheeses tend to be less expensive since they take less time, ingredients and care to produce.
- For example, ricotta costs around $4 per pound on average.
Aged cheeses have a higher price point due to extra aging time, bacterial cultures and effort involved:
- Parmesan wheels take over a year to age, racking up labor, ingredient, storage and aging costs. Quality parmesan costs around $18 per pound or more.
- Aged cheddar costs around $12 per pound, significantly pricier than mild cheddar at $5 per pound.
Of course, specialty aged cheeses like parmigiano reggiano and aged gouda can cost $25 per pound or higher. Their extensive aging and imported status increase costs.
Price often indicates quality when it comes to aged cheeses. More expensive aged cheeses typically receive superior milk, extended aging, and attentive care during production.
How the Aging Process Works
To understand how aged cheeses gain their unique properties requires examining the cheesemaking process.
1. Acidification
The first step to making any cheese is acidifying milk. This acidification occurs through:
- Adding bacterial cultures like thermophilic cultures to convert milk sugars into lactic acid
- Directly introducing acids like vinegar to manually acidify milk
Acidification causes the milk proteins to tangle together and form curds, separating from the liquid whey.
2. Rennet Addition
Rennet is commonly added next to further encourage curdling. Rennet contains enzymes like protease that rapidly coagulate the milk proteins into a more solid mass for efficient curd separation.
3. Curd Processing
The curds are then cut, cooked, strained, salted and pressed into their final shapes. Different styles of cheese are pressed into distinctive shapes from blocks to wheels.
4. Aging
Once pressed into shapes, many cheeses undergo aging. During aging, cheeses are stored at cool temperatures between 35-55°F to slow aging and prevent spoilage. Cellars, caves and climate-controlled rooms all provide ideal aging environments.
- Hard cheeses may age from 3 months to over a year to encourage protein breakdown and moisture loss.
- Soft aged cheeses require meticulous monitoring to avoid over-hardening. Bloomy rind cheeses are aged around 4 weeks.
- Blue cheeses are injected with Penicillium cultures to introduce appealing blue veining throughout the interior that gives them a pungent, tangy flavor.
5. Rind Development
Many aged cheeses form natural rinds during aging as exterior molds and yeasts take hold. Soft cheeses may be coated in herbs, spices, ash or wax to form unique flavorful rinds and prevent drying out.
6. Packaging and Sale
Once an aged cheese reaches peak quality, it is carefully packaged and sold. The aging duration depends on the type of cheese. Fresh cheeses skip the aging, rind development and packaging steps entirely.
Understanding how aging transforms cheese on a molecular level helps illuminate why aged and fresh cheeses differ so extensively in taste and texture.
History of Cheese Aging
The practice of aging cheese likely first developed accidentally as excess cheeses were stored and fermented. Ancient Greeks and Romans learned to apply salt to preserve cheeses.
In the 19th century, aged cheddar production took hold in England. By the 1860s, cheddar was being aged a year or more.
The diverse bacterial cultures required to age cheeses were not isolated and identified until the 20th century. Before controlled aging facilities, cheeses were often aged in natural caves.
Today, aging practices are meticulously controlled and monitored for quality and food safety. Cheesemakers can precisely calibrate temperature, humidity, bacterial cultures and aging duration to achieve targeted flavors in cheeses.
Future of Cheese Aging
In the future, cheese aging may be expedited through emerging biotechnology methods. For example, high pressure processing (HPP) uses extreme water pressure to accelerate aging from months to days by intensely stimulating bacterial enzymes.Sound waves, electric fields and other novel aging techniques are also being explored to allow innovating aging practices.
Of course, traditionalists argue extensively aged cheeses produced through time-honored techniques carry an irreplaceable depth of flavor. New technologies may supplement classic practices moving forward.
Types of Aged Cheeses
Many varieties of cheese are aged to develop their signature characteristics. Some of the major types of aged cheeses include:
- Cheddar: Aged from 2 months to over 20 years. Sharp cheddar is aged for 6-9 months to gain tangy flavor.
- Parmesan: Made from raw milk and aged 1-3 years to achieve granular texture and rich umami taste. Authentic parmigiano reggiano is aged for 2+ years.
- Gouda: Aged from a month to several years. Well-aged gouda becomes intensely salty and sweet with a crumbly texture.
- Blue Cheese: Aged 2 months - 6 months with Penicillium cultures that create blue veining and pungent flavor.
- Gruyere: Aged around 6-12 months to achieve slight sweetness and grainy crystallized texture.
- Provolone: Aged 3-12 months until pliable and smooth in texture with tangy, fruity flavor.
There are hundreds more varieties of aged cheeses originating from cheesemaking traditions across the globe. Most develop their signature characteristics through meticulous aging regimens.
Selecting an Aged Cheese
With hundreds of aged cheeses to choose from, how do you select the right one? Here are tips for picking an aged cheese:
- Understand flavor profiles like sharp, nutty, sweet or tangy to find one that suits your tastes
- Consider texture - are you looking for crumbles or perfect melters?
- Evaluate fat content if limiting fat and calories
- Read labels for aging duration, geographic origin, ingredients and nutrition facts
- Ask cheesemakers for guidance selecting well-aged yet high quality cheeses
- Start with a small amount to trial new aged cheese varieties before purchasing more
Trying a few different styles helps zero in on your perfect aged cheese. Starting small helps avoid getting stuck with a large amount of any cheese you dislike.
Selecting a Fresh Cheese
Since fresh cheeses do not vary as extensively, choosing a fresh cheese is often simpler:
- Think about your use - spreads, baking, sauces, etc?
- Consider fat percentage - full or part skim variations are available
- Prioritize texture - creamy, fluffy, silky, etc?
- Focus on quality brands that source excellent milk and follow food safety practices
With fewer aging-related factors to consider, you can easily find a fresh cheese that suits your cooking and eating style.
Pairing Aged and Fresh Cheeses
Fresh and aged cheeses both pair excellently with a wide variety of foods and beverages.
Aged cheeses pair well with:
- Cured meats like prosciutto and salami
- Nuts like pecans, walnuts and almonds
- Dried fruits including figs, apricots and dates
- Hearty red wines and bold beers
Fresh cheeses pair well with:
- Fresh fruits like berries, apples, figs and melons
- Vegetable crudites like carrots, tomatoes and olives
- Herbs like basil, oregano, mint
- Light white wines, sparkling wines, ginger beer
Playing to the strengths of each cheese type through thoughtful pairings helps maximize their flavors. Pairing aged cheeses with equally hearty foods prevents the cheese from overwhelming other ingredients. Fresh cheeses match lighter partners to let their creamy essence shine.
Storing Aged and Fresh Cheeses
Proper storage preserves the texture, flavor and shelf life of all cheese varieties.
Aged cheeses keep best tightly wrapped at 35-40°F. Maintaining humidity around 50% also prevents excessive drying. Many aged cheeses freeze well for long term storage.
Fresh cheeses have a shorter shelf life of around 1-4 weeks due to their high moisture content. Keep fresh cheeses sealed in their original container in the coldest part of the refrigerator, around 37°F. Some fresh cheeses freeze well but may suffer textural changes after thawing.
Storing both cheese types away from refrigerator odors helps prevent off-flavors. Allow refrigerated cheeses 30 minutes to warm up on the counter before serving to maximize their aroma and taste.
Conclusion
Aged and fresh cheeses offer their own distinct benefits.
Aged cheeses develop nuanced flavors and hard, grateable textures during their extended fermentation and aging periods.
Fresh cheeses provide a milder, creamier taste and soft spreadable texture by avoiding the aging process.